What should You Know about Kidney Cysts and Its Diagnosis?
Kidney cysts are benign formations that have a capsule and are filled with fluid that form in the kidneys.
Cysts can be either single (solitary cyst) or multiple. In this case, if several cysts are noted in one kidney, this condition is denoted as multicystosis, and if in both kidneys – then polycystosis.
Kidney cysts can be congenital or acquired. Depending on this, different groups of causes are distinguished, which can lead to the first or second type of pathology. As for the congenital cyst, its causes are likely to be hidden in the human genetic apparatus, as often the kidney cysts are of a family nature and are found in several generations. Also, one cannot exclude traumatic or infectious agents from the genesis of kidney cysts, which can affect the fetus during embryonic development.
With regard to the acquired cyst, the most popular theory of development is the infectious one, according to which the kidney cyst develops after an infectious or inflammatory process in the renal parenchyma or its cup system. In addition, some role is assigned to the traumatic factor. It is believed that the cyst can occur on the site of the slaughter of the renal parenchyma and its hematoma.
It is also believed that kidney cysts can occur against the background of a congenital anomaly of connective tissue. In this case, it is impossible to divide which group to include a similar pathology – to acquired or congenital.
Despite a vast number of assumptions and theories, the exact cause of the kidney cyst has not been revealed to date.
Diagnosis of kidney cysts in India
The main method of diagnosing cysts of the kidneys (both solitary and multiple in polycystosis), by kidney doctor in Delhi is renal ultrasound. On ultrasound, you can determine the size, the number of cysts where they are located, the relationship with neighboring organs.
Other important research methods for kidney cysts are urinalysis. In this case, you can determine:
- Leukocyturia – in case of infection
- Hematuria
- Increased amount of protein
- Low specific gravity of urine – with the addition of chronic renal failure.
In the biochemical analysis of blood in the presence of chronic renal failure, an increase in the level can be detected:
- Creatinine
- Urea
- Decreased protein levels.
Also, a definite help in doubtful cases can be excretory contrast urography, as well as angiography, in which the kidney vessels are examined. The kidney cyst on the angiogram is mainly characterized by the so-called “kidney” Avascular zone.
Differential diagnosis of kidney cysts is carried out primarily with tumors.
Treatment of kidney cysts in India
In the event that the size, number or location of cysts leads to the appearance of symptoms of compression of the urinary tract (ureter, pelvis), then best kidney doctor in India resort to surgical removal of the cyst.
Other treatments for kidney cyst used:
- Resection of the cyst
- Resection of the kidney
- Cyst formation (enucleation)
Nephrectomy (in case of total damage to the kidney tissue by cysts, for example, with poly- or multicystic)
These surgical interventions can be performed both with the help of open surgery and laparoscopically. The advantages of laparoscopic operations are their less traumatic, easier tolerability, a lower incidence of postoperative complications and a shorter recovery period after surgery.
Why is It so Important to Enjoy Kidney Health?
What is the function performed by the kidneys in our body?
Enjoying a normal renal function is important because the kidney regulates the amount of water, salt and minerals in the body is responsible for the elimination of waste substances that occur when digested food and other substances introduced into the body. Kidney also produces hormones, mainly Renin that regulates the Arterial Tension and Erythropoietin that intervenes in the formation of red blood cells by the bone marrow.
What percentage of the Indian population suffers from kidney disease? Which is the most common?
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is the most frequent cause of impaired renal function. The kidney is made up of about 2,000,000 complex functional units that are called nephrons. The destruction, by different causes of these functional units, is the most frequent cause of renal failure, is what we call CKD. This situation affects approximately 7% of the general population in Spain, which becomes 25% for people over 65 years of age.
What is the risk population profile?
The factors of susceptibility to Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) that is to say that increase the risk of suffering renal failure are age over 60 years, family history of CKD, low birth weight, black race, the presence of Diabetes Mellitus and presence of Arterial Hypertension (HBP). Continue reading →
Difference Between Stroke and Heart Attack
Difference between stroke and heart attack is enormous, but both are dangerous conditions. Both a stroke (and “stroke”) and a heart attack can cause death if not treated properly. It is, therefore, essential to recognize the symptoms of these conditions if you or a loved one is reduced with them because there are best cardiac surgery hospital that can improve the chances of survival and decrease disability if they are given promptly.
Difference between stroke and heart attack
Both a heart attack and stroke describe medical problems of the circulatory system. Both involve narrowed arteries that develop blood clots that stop the flow of blood to an essential part of the body. When this occurs, there is cell death and loss of organ function. Despite this, the organs are different, and the symptoms they receive from each of them are entirely different.
Stroke is a narrowing and subsequent blockage of one or more arteries that supply blood to the brain. If a clot forms in the narrowed arteries, the section of the brain supplied by the artery dies. When it comes to punches, you should know that there are two types.
The first is an ischemic stroke, in which the blood flow is disrupted to the brain. This is about 80 percent of all blows.
The second is a hemorrhagic stroke, which is due to bleeding in or around the brain. This represents 20 percent of all strokes. Hemorrhagic strokes tend to be extra dangerous than are ischemic attacks.
A heart attack involves damage to the heart muscle, which dies due to a reduction in blood flow. Usually, a blood clot receives in one of the coronary arteries that supply blood flow to the heart muscle.
Causes
Strokes are linked to hypertension and a gradual reduction in the lumen size of the arteries to the brain. A stroke can also be created by the fatty substance, blood clots, cancer cells, bacteria, or air bubbles that arise in other places in the brain and travel through the blood to get lodged in the arteries that go to the mind.
Meanwhile, most heart attacks are the result of coronary artery disease, which involves a gradual decline in the size of the lumen of the arteries leading to (or within) the heart. Risk factors include obesity, smoking, and sedentary lifestyle.
Symptoms
Symptoms of a stroke include a dark vision or sudden loss of vision, sudden weakness on one side of the shape or face, numbness of an area of the body, difficulty swallowing, a sudden, severe headache, sudden falls, or a short period of loss of consciousness.
The symptoms of a heart attack are different. The main symptoms include chest pain or discomfort in the chest that feels like a weight is on your chest. Pain can radiate from the chest to the jaw, stomach, shoulders back, left, or arms. You may have irregular heartbeats, shortness of breath, indigestion, or symptoms similar to heartburn, dizziness or lightheadedness, cold sweats, nausea or vomiting, or a feeling of marked anxiety or weakness.
The symptom of both can occur very quickly, so if you or someone you are with shows any of the symptoms mentioned above, visit the best cardiac hospitals in India.
Cardioplegic Solution: An Excellent Tool for Myocardial Protection in Cardiac Surgery
It is well known that adequate protection of the myocardium is essential to achieve favorable results during a cardiac intervention with extracorporeal circulation.
To minimize the ischemic damage that occurs in the heart after cardiac arrest, in addition to the continuous fight against the chronometer to which the surgeon was subjected, different cardioplegic solutions have been developed throughout history, for this purpose, all based on high potassium concentrations that induce cardiac arrest in diastole.
To date there are several solutions and protocols for the management of the myocardium, all having almost the same points in common. The objective of the best cardiac hospitals is to limit the damage during the period of ischemia-reperfusion using a combination of hypothermia, electromechanical stop, washing of metabolites, oxygen supply, and homeostasis. In best cardiac hospitals in India, the surgeon has the unique opportunity to control and influence these aspects individually.
The induction of cardiac arrest with chemical means, to conserve energy during the period of myocardial ischemia can be achieved in two ways:
- Prevent the conduction of the action potential, inhibiting the rapid sodium current (phase 0 of the action potential). This is through extracellular hyperkalemia, sodium channel blockers, stimulators of the ATP-sensitive sodium channel (KATP).
- Inhibit the activation of myofibrils mediated by calcium, to prevent myocyte contraction. By blocking calcium L channels, maintaining an extracellular medium free of calcium and directly inhibiting myofibrils.
The basic principles of any cardioplegia solution are the following:
- Stop: Must induce a rapid and efficient stop in diastole to keep the myocardium relaxed and minimize the use of ATP.
- Protection: Delaying the time in which irreversible myocardial damage occurs due to ischemia and limiting reperfusion damage.
- Reversibility: The effects of cardioplegia should be reversible quickly and with recovery of cardiac function.
- Low toxicity: Short half-life without toxic effects in other organs after the end of the ECC.
The high myocardial protection time is mainly conditioned by four components:
- Histidine: Acts as a buffer, counteracting the effects of acidosis secondary to the accumulation of products of anaerobic metabolism during the period of ischemia.
- Ketoglutarate: Improves the synthesis of ATP during reperfusion.
- Tryptophan: Stabilizes the cell membrane.
- Mannitol: Decreases cellular edema and neutralizes free radicals.
Technique:
Once surgeons establish the extracorporeal circulation and clamp the aorta, the idea is to infuse it antegradely by the aortic root; it is the most recommendable way that guarantees the best distribution, although it can also be infused retrograde (worse delivery to the right ventricle) or even combined. If there is aortic insufficiency, an aortotomy can be performed and infused directly by the coronary ostia. A second dose of cardioplegia will be administered 3 hours after aortic clamping or if the electromechanical activity is present.
There are several studies that compare the use of this solution with other hyperkalemic solutions mixed with blood, without significant differences regarding clinical results. Currently, the first randomized clinical trial that best cardiac hospitals hope is being carried out, provide more information about this new tool for Cardiac Surgery.
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